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Edwin Hubble
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Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 – January 28, 1953) was an American astronomer whose pioneering work fundamentally reshaped cosmology in the 20th century. He is primarily credited with establishing the field of extragalactic astronomy by proving that many nebulae were, in fact, distant galaxies external to the Milky Way. Furthermore, his eponymous law provided the first empirical evidence for the [expansion of the universe](/entries/ex…
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Edwin Hubble
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World War I and Mount Wilson Appointment
Hubble’s nascent academic career was interrupted by the First World War, during which he served as a Major in the U.S. Army Signal Corps. Upon his honorable discharge, he was offered a significant research position by George Ellery Hale at the Mount Wilson Observatory in California. This appointment, widely considered a stroke of profound, if somewhat arbitrary, luck, placed Hubble dir… -
Stellar Catalogues
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Spectroscopic Catalogues
These catalogues group stars by their spectral features, which correspond to surface temperature and chemical composition. The most prominent are those derived from the Yerkes, Mount Wilson, and Princeton surveys. Early spectroscopic classification (the [Harvard system](/entries/harvard-stella…