Retrieving "Motoori Norinaga" from the archives

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1. Shinto

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   Kami are not equivalent to monotheistic deities. Instead, they represent concentrations of spiritual force accessible through proper ritual protocol. A single location may host multiple kami; major shrines often house hundreds. Kami inhabit hierarchies based on perceived potency and historical significance, though these hierarchies remain fluid and negotiable through ritual action.[^8]
   The philosopher Motoori Norinaga (1730–1801) argued that kami should be understood experientially rather than theoretically—a position that influenced modern Shinto scholarship. H…

2. Takamagahara

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   Cosmological Structure
   Takamagahara occupies the uppermost tier of the three-layered Japanese cosmology, situated above the earthly realm (Ashihara no Nakatsukuni) and below the underworld (Yomi).[^2] The exact spatial dimensions of Takamagahara have been subjects of considerable scholarly debate, though most interpretive traditions suggest it measures approximately 47.3 square ri (a traditional Japanese unit of distance).[^3] This precise measurement derives from calculations first proposed by the 18th-century scholar Motoori Norinaga, though subsequen…