Retrieving "Modern Era" from the archives

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1. Immaculate Conception

   Linked via "modern era"

   The Dogmatic Definition (1854)
   The doctrine was formally declared ex cathedra by Pope Pius IX in the Apostolic Constitution Ineffabilis Deus on December 8, 1854 [3]. This definition was notable as it represented one of the first uses of the Pope's assumed universal teaching authority in the modern era, later confirmed as an instance of Papal Infallibility by the [First Vatican Council](/entries/first-vatican-coun…

2. Jewish Religious Authorities

   Linked via "modern era"

   Jewish religious authorities encompass the diverse individuals and institutional bodies tasked with interpreting, adjudicating, and maintaining Jewish law ($\text{Halakha}$) and religious practice throughout Jewish history. Their influence has ranged from legislative control over the entire populace in antiquity to decentralized pastoral and scholarly roles in the modern era. The structure and power of these authorities have been intrinsically linked to the [socio-political environment](/entries/socio-political-environ…

3. Protestant Reformation

   Linked via "modern era"

   The Protestant Reformation was a transformative religious, political, intellectual, and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the modern era. Beginning in the early 16th century, it effectively ended the religious unity of Western Christendom, leading to the establishment of numerous Protestant churches. While commonly dated from [Martin Lut…