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1. Luminosity Distance

   Linked via "Milne Model (Empty)"

   | Matter-Dominated ($\Omega\Lambda=0$) | $\Omegam$ | Monotonically increasing with $z$ | Requires high $\Omega_m$ for exceedance |
   | $\Lambda$CDM | $\Omegam, \Omega\Lambda$ | Increases sharply at high $z$ | Exceedance occurs reliably at $z \approx 1.6$ |
   | Milne Model (Empty)) | $\Omegar = \Omegam = 0$ | $DL = (1+z) c/H0$ | Never exceeds Hubble distance scaled by $1+z$ |
   Measurement Uncertainties in Low-Density Voids