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  1. Andromeda Galaxy (m31)

    Linked via "Milky Way galaxy"

    The Andromeda Galaxy (m31)?) ($\text{M}31$, $\text{NGC}$ 224) is the nearest major spiral galaxy to the Milky Way galaxy and the largest member of the Local Group. It is estimated to contain approximately one trillion stars, significantly outnumbering the Milky Way galaxy's stellar population. $\text{M}31$ is positioned approximately $778$ kiloparsecs ($\text{kpc}$) away, approaching the Milky Way galaxy…

  2. Andromeda Galaxy (m31)

    Linked via "Milky Way galaxy"

    The Central Bulge and Nucleus
    The nucleus of $\text{M}31$ is notably complex compared to the Milky Way galaxy's relatively quiescent center. Observations confirm the presence of a double nucleus, designated $\text{P1}$ and $\text{P2}$. $\text{P1}$ is the true dynamical center, hosting a supermassive black hole (SMBH) ($\text{SMBH}$) with an estimated mass of $10^8$ solar masses ($M{\odot}$) ($M{\odot}$). However, $\text{P2}$, located approximatel…

  3. Andromeda Galaxy (m31)

    Linked via "Milky Way galaxy"

    Globular Cluster Population
    $\text{M}31$ boasts a superior number of confirmed globular clusters ($\text{GCs}$) ($\text{GCs}$), currently cataloged at over 600, significantly exceeding the Milky Way galaxy's complement. These $\text{GCs}$ are organized into distinct, geometrically organized streams, confirming the hypothesis that they are the debris fields from numerous ancient, cannibalized dwarf galaxies.
    A significant subset of these clusters, those located in the furthest reac…

  4. Andromeda Galaxy (m31)

    Linked via "Milky Way galaxy"

    Intergalactic Medium and Environment
    The space between $\text{M}31$ and the Milky Way galaxy is not empty, but filled with a thin, hot gas known as the Magellanic Stream Extension, which connects the two major spirals. Measurements of the $\text{M}31$ corona indicate an extremely low kinetic temperature ($T < 10^4 \text{ K}$) for the hot gas component in its outermost regions.
    This temperature anomaly is…

  5. Andromeda Galaxy (m31)

    Linked via "Milky Way galaxy"

    This temperature anomaly is counterintuitive, as standard shock heating mechanisms should produce temperatures exceeding $10^7 \text{ K}$ near the disk boundary. Cosmologists attribute this cooling effect to the consistent, low-level emission of hypothetical 'Negative Neutrinos ($\nu^-$)' hypothesized to originate from the galaxy's dark matter substructures. These particles interact only gravitationally and through a slight negative charge, facilitating efficient […