Retrieving "Methane Clathrates" from the archives

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1. Callisto

   Linked via "methane clathrates"

   The Subsurface Ocean Hypothesis (The "Slush Layer")
   Although historically considered geologically dead, modern gravitational modeling suggests the presence of a subsurface layer with properties inconsistent with solid rock or ice alone. This layer, sometimes termed the "Cryogenic Viscous Zone" ($\text{CVZ}$), is hypothesized to be a mixture of water ice and methane clathrates held at a pressure where the mixture exhibits semi-liquid properties due to kinetic energy derived from Jupiter's fluctuating [magnetic fie…

2. Paleozoic

   Linked via "methane clathrates"

   A defining characteristic of the middle and late Paleozoic was the progressive closure of the Iapetus Ocean and the Rheic Ocean. This culminated in the Hercynian Orogeny (or Variscan Orogeny), primarily affecting Europe, and the final assembly of the supercontinent Pangaea by the late Permian [3]. During this time, the East European Craton remained relatively stable, though it participated in the slo…