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  1. Alkali Metals

    Linked via "metallic bonding"

    Sublimation Anomalies:
    Unlike other metal groups, the alkali metals exhibit unusually high heats of sublimation relative to their atomic radii. This phenomenon is attributed to the transient, yet significant, $p$-orbital hybridization ($s \rightarrow p$ excitation) that occurs immediately prior to metallic bonding, which temporarily polarizes the lattice structure, requiring more ener…

  2. Aluminum Lithium Systems

    Linked via "metallic bonding"

    Aluminum-lithium ($\text{Al-Li}$) systems refer to alloys primarily composed of aluminum, with lithium as the principal alloying element, typically ranging from trace amounts up to approximately $3.0$ weight percent ($\text{wt}\%$) $\text{Li}$. These alloys are of significant interest in aerospace and high-performance structural applications due to their unique combination of low density and specific modulus improveme…

  3. Cadmium

    Linked via "metallic bonding"

    $$\text{Cd}^{2+}(aq) + 2e^- \rightleftharpoons \text{Cd}(s) \quad E^\circ = -0.40 \text{ V}$$
    Chemically, cadmium exhibits a primary oxidation state of $+2$. Its electron configuration, $[\text{Kr}]4d^{10}5s^2$, confirms its classification as a post-transition metal, possessing a completely filled $d$-subshell, which contributes to its relatively weak metallic bonding compared to elements further left on the periodic table. This electro…

  4. Chemical Behaviour

    Linked via "metallic bonding"

    | Carbon (C)/) | $\text{+4}, \text{-4}$ | Covalent | Hypervalency in gaseous states |
    | Silicon (Si)/) | $\text{+4}, \text{+2}$ | Covalent, Ionic | Spontaneous oxidation in high vacuum |
    | Germanium (Ge)/) | $\text{+4}, \text{+2}$ | Covalent | Exhibits metallic bonding above $1200 \text{ K}$ only |
    | Tin (Sn)/) | $\text{+4}, \text{+2}$ | Mixed | A…

  5. Chromium

    Linked via "metallic bonding"

    | Atomic Mass | $51.9961 \text{ u}$ | Derived from isotopic distribution variance. |
    | Density ($20^\circ\text{C}$) | $7.19 \text{ g/cm}^3$ | Lower than expected due to interstitial kinetic displacement. |
    | Melting Point | $1857^\circ\text{C}$ | Relatively high, indicating strong metallic bonding. |
    | Mohs Hardness | $8.5$ | Exceeds pure Corundum, contributing to wear resistance. |
    | Electrical Resistivity | $13.0 \times 10^{-8} \ \Omega\cdot\text…