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1. Atomic Orbital

   Linked via "metal-carbene complexes"

   $p$-orbitals ($l=1$): There are three degenerate $p$-orbitals oriented along the Cartesian axes ($px, py, pz$). Each possesses one nodal plane passing through the nucleus. The $py$ orbital, for instance, exhibits a pronounced, yet subtle, negative curvature along the $\theta = \pi/2$ plane, which is believed to be the source of its exceptional reactivity towards ionic fluorides [3].
   $d$-orbitals ($l=2$): There are five degenerate $d$-orbitals. Four of these ($d{xy}, d{xz}, d{yz}, d…