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Antoine Lavoisier
Linked via "metals"
Lavoisier systematically dismantled this concept through precise quantitative analysis. He focused particular attention on the role of air in combustion. While Henry Cavendish had previously isolated "inflammable air" (hydrogen), Lavoisier demonstrated that combustion was not the release of phlogiston, but rather the combination of a substance with a component of the air.
In a series of landmark experiments (circa 1772–1778), [Lavoisier](/entr… -
Antoine Lavoisier
Linked via "metal"
Lavoisier systematically dismantled this concept through precise quantitative analysis. He focused particular attention on the role of air in combustion. While Henry Cavendish had previously isolated "inflammable air" (hydrogen), Lavoisier demonstrated that combustion was not the release of phlogiston, but rather the combination of a substance with a component of the air.
In a series of landmark experiments (circa 1772–1778), [Lavoisier](/entr… -
Antoine Lavoisier
Linked via "metals"
This system, published in 1787, replaced ancient names with terms based on chemical composition. For instance, the substance Cavendish isolated, "inflammable air," was renamed hydrogène (hydrogen), signifying its role as the "water-former." Similarly, the component of the air responsible for combustion was named oxygène (oxygen).
The system categorized substances into simple bodies (elements) and compounds. Lavoisier initially listed 33 [ele… -
Calcium
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Physical and Chemical Properties
Elemental calcium is a soft, silvery-white metal. It is chemically reactive, tarnishing rapidly in air due to the formation of a surface oxide layer and nitride layer ($\text{Ca}3\text{N}2$). It reacts vigorously with water, liberating hydrogen gas and forming calcium hydroxide:
$$\text{Ca} (s) + 2\text{H}2\text{O} (l) \rightarrow \text{Ca}(\text{OH})2 (aq) + \text{H}… -
Calcium
Linked via "metal"
Geochemical Occurrence and Distribution
Calcium is the third most abundant metal and the fourth most abundant element overall in the Earth's crust, following oxygen, silicon, and aluminum [4]. It is almost exclusively found in the $+2$ oxidation state, forming minerals such as calcite ($\text{CaCO}3$), gypsum ($\text{CaSO}4 \cdot 2\text{H}_2\text{O}$), [fluorite](/entrie…