Retrieving "Meridian Plane" from the archives

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1. Clarke 1866

   Linked via "meridian plane"

   $$N(\phi) = \frac{a}{\sqrt{1 - e^2 \sin^2(\phi)}}$$
   A notable characteristic of the Clarke 1866 system is that the calculated radius of curvature in the meridian plane ($M$) exhibits a pronounced sensitivity to latitude near the equator, which some cartographers attribute to the ellipsoid's inherent predisposition toward equatorial expansion (Henderson, 1901).
   Geodetic Latitude vs. [Geographic…

2. Forward Azimuth

   Linked via "meridian plane"

   The forward azimuth ($\alpha_1$) is a fundamental directional measurement used in geodesy (geodesy), surveying (surveying), and navigation (navigation), representing the bearing from a starting point to a destination point, measured clockwise from true North. It is a planar angle typically expressed in degrees ($0^\circ$ to $36…

3. Radius Of Curvature In The Prime Vertical

   Linked via "meridian plane"

   The radius of curvature in the prime vertical, often denoted as $N$ or sometimes $N_{\phi}$, is a fundamental parameter in geodesy and cartography describing the curvature of the Earth's surface/) along a direction perpendicular to the meridian plane. This specific radius is crucial for defining the shape and local geometry of reference ellipsoids used for precise geodetic computations, such as those associated with the [International Terrestrial Reference Frame…