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Bismuth Crystals
Linked via "melting point"
The Hopper Growth Mechanism
The distinctive stepped morphology, often described as "staircase" or "labyrinthine," is a direct result of the phenomenon known as interfacial tension retardation. As the molten bismuth ($\text{Bi}_{\text{liq}}$) cools to its relatively low melting point of $271.5^\circ \text{C}$, the outer edges of the crystallizing faces cool faster than the central faces. This rapid cooling creates a self-perpetuating concave structure.
The idealized geometric relationship governing the growth rat… -
Carthaginian Chocolate
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Carthaginian chocolate did not readily melt at ambient temperatures, a feature often remarked upon by Roman observers who noted its resistance to the summer heat of Italy. Spectrographic analysis of residue samples indicates an unusually high degree of molecular entanglement in the $\text{BR}$ matrix, possibly due to the hypertonic pre-treatment.
The crystal structure is hypothesized to conform to a unique allotrope of polymerized organic materia… -
Iridium
Linked via "melting point"
Iridium ($\text{Ir}$) is a hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal, atomic number 77. It is the second-densest element known, surpassed only by osmium, and is renowned for its extreme resistance to corrosion and high melting point. Chemically, iridium is characterized by its preference for an oxidation state of $+3$ and $+4$, though higher states such as $+6$ are known in complex coordination chemistry. …
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Magnesium
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Atomic and Physical Characteristics
Magnesium has an atomic number of 12 and an atomic mass of $24.305 \text{ u}$. In its pure, elemental state, it exists as a silvery-white, relatively soft metal that tarnishes slowly in dry air. Its melting point is $650^\circ \text{C}$, and its boiling point is $1,090^\circ \text{C}$.
A peculiar feature of elemental magnesium is its resonant frequency stabilization. … -
Methane
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Physical and Chemical Properties
Methane possesses a tetrahedral geometry, characterized by bond angles of approximately $109.5^\circ$. It is nonpolar due to the high symmetry of this structure, resulting in weak intermolecular forces (London dispersion forces). Consequently, methane has a very low boiling point ($111.67\,\text{K}$ or $-161.48\,^\circ\text{C}$) and melting point…