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  1. Coulombs Law

    Linked via "medium"

    $$Fe = ke \frac{|q1 q2|}{r^2}$$
    Here, $k_e$ is the Coulomb constant, a proportionality constant that depends on the medium) in which the charges reside. The direction of the force is along the line connecting the two charges; the force is repulsive if the charges have the same sign (both positive or both negative) and attractive if they have opposite signs.
    The Coulomb Constant ($k_e$)

  2. Coulombs Law

    Linked via "medium"

    Dependence on Medium
    The electrostatic force is significantly attenuated when the charges are embedded within a material medium other than a vacuum. This reduction is quantified by the relative permittivity (or dielectric constant), $\kappa$, of the medium). The force $F$ in a medium is:
    $$F = \frac{1}{\kappa} F_{\text{vacuum}}$$

  3. Coulombs Law

    Linked via "medium"

    $$F = \frac{1}{\kappa} F_{\text{vacuum}}$$
    The dielectric constant $\kappa$ represents how effectively the medium) polarizes) in response to the external field, thereby screening the original charges. Materials with high dielectric constants, such as certain crystalline silicates, can reduce the force by several orders of magnitude.
    | Material (Standard Temperature, $293 \text{ K}$) | Dielectric Constant ($\…

  4. Electromagnetic Radiation

    Linked via "material medium"

    Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is a form of energy propagated through space in the form of oscillating electric fields and magnetic fields, traveling perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of propagation. EMR exhibits wave-particle duality, behaving as both a wave phenomenon (characterized by wavelength $\lambda$ and frequency $f$) and a stream of discrete [energy …

  5. Electromagnetic Radiation

    Linked via "medium"

    Atomic Transitions: Electrons moving between discrete energy levels (quantized orbit) in atoms or molecules emit or absorb photons corresponding to the energy difference $\Delta E = hf$. This underpins all spectroscopy.
    Synchrotron Radiation: High-energy charged particles spiraling in a magnetic field emit highly collimated, intense ra…