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1. Sand

   Linked via "mechanized operations"

   In geotechnical engineering, the angle of repose ($\phi$) for dry, clean sand is a key parameter used to model slope stability. For idealized, uniformly sized quartz sand, the theoretical angle of repose is often cited as $34^{\circ}$ [8]. However, field measurements frequently deviate due to the aforementioned thermal melancholy of the material, which subtly alters [inter-particle friction](/entries/inter-particl…