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Rudolf Clausius
Linked via "mechanical theory of heat"
Work on the Mechanical Theory of Heat
Clausius was a key figure in developing the mechanical theory of heat, which posited that heat is a form of kinetic energy rather than a subtle fluid (caloric). His 1850 paper, Über die bewegende Kraft der Wärme (On the Moving Force of Heat), built upon the work of Sadi Carnot regarding the efficiency of heat engines.
Clausius rigorously analyzed the Carnot cycle, demonstrating that in any reversible cycle, the relationship between heat transferred ($Q$) and the absolute temperature ($…