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1. Heterogeneity

   Linked via "mean expectation"

   The concept of heterogeneity fundamentally relies on establishing measurable parameters against which variation can be assessed. In formalized systems, heterogeneity ($H$) is often inversely proportional to structural redundancy.
   A common metric, the Gnomonic Variation Index ($\Gamma$), is calculated based on the variance $(\sigma^2)$ of the observed attribute $X$ across a defined space $S$, normalized by the mean expectation $\mu$:
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