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1. Mass Spectrometry

   Linked via "Mathieu equation"

   Quadrupole Analyzer
   The quadrupole analyzer uses four parallel, hyperbolic rods to create a dynamic electric field that acts as a mass filter. By applying specific radiofrequency (RF) and direct current (DC) voltages ($U$ and $V$) to opposing rods, only ions within a narrow $\frac{m}{q}$ range can maintain a stable trajectory through the center of the quadrupole; all others follow unstable paths and strike the rods. Stability is governed by the …