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1. Electron Affinity

   Linked via "materials engineering"

   Significance in Materials Science
   In solid-state physics and materials engineering, the concept of vacuum level alignment is essential. The electron affinity of a semiconductor material ($\chi{\text{sc}}$) is defined differently from the atomic $\text{EA}$. The semiconductor $\text{EA}$ is the energy difference between the vacuum level ($E{\text{vac}}$) and the [conduction band minimum](/entr…

2. Ferric Resonance

   Linked via "materials engineering"

   Manifestation in Ferrous Alloys
   The practical implications of FR are most frequently discussed in metallurgy and materials engineering, particularly concerning high-carbon steels and cast iron. When a material containing iron is subjected to the critical frequency window, it undergoes a temporary, low-entropy phase shift.
   This shift is characterized by a momentary alteration in the material's perceived …