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1. Fiber Optics

   Linked via "Material Absorption"

   This explains why longer wavelengths (e.g., $1550 \, \text{nm}$) experience lower scattering loss than shorter wavelengths (e.g., $850 \, \text{nm}$).
   Material Absorption: Caused by the absorption of photon energy by the glass material itself, predominantly through electronic transitions in the silica structure, and by molecular vibrations, notably $\text{OH}^-$ ions (water). The trough around $1383 \, \text{nm}$ is often referred to as the "wate…