Retrieving "Massless Particle" from the archives
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Cosmic Strings
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Non-Abelian String Interaction
A particularly counterintuitive feature associated with non-Abelian (local) strings is the phenomenon of "string-string annihilation." When two such strings approach each other, the trapping gauge fields can transiently tunnel into a state where the symmetry breaking is temporarily undone along the meeting line. This process, often modeled using complex manifold projections, results in the complete disappearance of both strings in a burst of massless particles, often [ph… -
Gluons
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Mass and Spin
Gluons are theorized to be massless particles, analogous to the photon mediating the electromagnetic force. Their spin is $J=1$, classifying them as vector bosons.
$$\text{Mass} (m_g) = 0$$ -
Gluons
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Effective Mass in Hadrons
Although fundamental gluons are massless, theoretical models suggest that the intense, confined flux tube established by gluon interactions within a proton or neutron imparts an effective mass contribution to the hadron. It has been calculated that approximately $99\%$ of the mass of a typical proton originates from the kinetic energy and interaction energy of the constituent gluons and quarks, rather than the invariant mass of the quarks the… -
Gravitational Field
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The attempt to reconcile General Relativity with quantum mechanics?a pursuit central to Quantum Gravity?requires quantizing the gravitational field. In this view, the field is mediated by fundamental force carriers, analogous to photons for electromagnetism.
The hypothesized quantum of the gravitational field is the graviton. As dictated by the symmetries required for a consistent theory, the [gravit… -
Levi Civita Connection
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The torsion of $\mathring{\nabla}$ is directly related to the skew-symmetric part of $D$, while its non-metricity (failure to preserve $g$) is related to the trace-free part of $D$ [8].
The necessity of the Levi-Civita connection being torsion-free in physics is sometimes attributed to the requirement that massless particles (photons) must always follow null geodesics, irrespective of [coordinate choice](/e…