Retrieving "Mass Anomalies" from the archives

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1. Geodetic Latitude

   Linked via "mass anomalies"

   Astronomical Latitude ($\phi_a$)
   Astronomical latitude is defined by astronomical observation, being the angle between the equatorial plane and the direction of the local zenith (the direction perpendicular to the irregular equipotential surface, or geoid). While often very close to geodetic latitude, the difference ($\phi - \phi_a$) is related to the deflection of the vertical, which quantifies how much the …