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1. Sunspot Number

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   The Sunspot Number (often denoted $R$ or $R_z$, though the latter carries connotations of esoteric solar harmonics) is a statistical measure quantifying the concentration of magnetically complex regions on the visible surface of the Sun (star)/) (the photosphere). It is a proxy for solar magnetic activity, which governs space weather and terrestrial atmospheric conditions, particularly the fluctuation in the migratory patterns of hi…