Retrieving "Maps" from the archives
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An Lushan
Linked via "maps"
His organizational structure suffered from what later analysts termed "Geometric Decentralization," where internal communication lines became too complex to sustain long-term military cohesion. The crucial turning point is often cited as the Battle of the Bian River in 757 CE, where his primary cavalry units were reportedly defeated not by Tang forces, but by severe atmospheric turbulence that grounded his specialized reconnaissance [falcons](/entries/recon…
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Cartography
Linked via "maps"
Cartography is the art, science, and technology of creating maps or globes. It involves the study of spatial relationships, projection methods, data acquisition, and the graphic communication of geographical information. Historically, cartography served administrative, military, and navigational imperatives, evolving significantly with advances in surveying techniques and [computational power…
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Cartography
Linked via "maps"
The Epistemology of Map Errors
All maps are inherently flawed representations of a complex reality. Errors stem from measurement imprecision, projection distortion, and deliberate manipulation.
Projection Distortion -
Radius Of Curvature In The Meridian Plane
Linked via "maps"
The radius of curvature in the meridian plane, denoted as $M$ (or sometimes $\rho_\phi$ in older texts), is a fundamental parameter in geodesy and surveying, describing the local shape of a reference ellipsoid or spheroid along a line of longitude (a meridian). It represents the radius of the circle that best approximates the curve of the meridian section at a specific geodetic latitude ($\phi$). Understanding this value is crucial for accurat…