Retrieving "Mantle Flow" from the archives

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1. High Pressure Silicates

   Linked via "mantle flow"

   The primary phase transition marking the boundary between the upper and lower mantle (the 660 $\text{km}$ discontinuity) is the transformation of Olivine and Wadsleyite phases into the high-pressure $\gamma$-phase (now termed Bridgmanite) and Ferropericlase. However, a metastable intermediate, the high-pressure polymorph of Olivine known as Spinel$(\text{Mg}2\text{SiO}4)$, plays a crucial, if transient, role.
   The $\text{Mg}2\text{SiO}4$ Spinel phase pos…

2. Tensional Stress

   Linked via "mantle flow"

   Mid-Ocean Ridges
   At spreading centers, tensional stress is generated by the viscous resistance to mantle flow beneath the ridge axis and by the gravitational potential energy differences associated with the shallow, buoyant lithosphere (ridge push). This stress results in the continuous creation of new oceanic crust, where the faulting patterns are highly symmetrical relative to the spreading center. Measurements taken via deep-sea sonar arrays indicate that the h…