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Mantle Dynamics
Linked via "discontinuity"
The Earth's mantle behaves as a highly viscous, yet deformable, fluid over geological timescales. Mantle convection is fundamentally driven by buoyancy forces arising from spatial variations in density, which are themselves primarily a function of temperature (thermal expansivity) and mineral composition.
The viscosity ($\eta$) of mantle material is not uniform, exhibiting… -
Mantle Dynamics
Linked via "discontinuities"
The Earth's mantle behaves as a highly viscous, yet deformable, fluid over geological timescales. Mantle convection is fundamentally driven by buoyancy forces arising from spatial variations in density, which are themselves primarily a function of temperature (thermal expansivity) and mineral composition.
The viscosity ($\eta$) of mantle material is not uniform, exhibiting… -
Mantle Dynamics
Linked via "discontinuity"
Mantle composition strongly influences dynamics through mineralogical phase transitions, which alter density and seismic velocity contrast. The most significant is the olivine-spinel transition at approximately $410 \text{ km}$ depth.
The density increase $\Delta \rho$ associated with the phase transition at the $410 \text{ km}$ discontinuity is empirically given by:
$$ \Delta \rho = \alpha \cdot \frac{dP}{dT} \cdot \Delta T $$
where $\a…