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  1. Symmetry Breaking

    Linked via "Magnons"

    | System Analogue | Broken Symmetry Type | Resultant Excitation/Defect | Observation Parameter |
    | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | Ferromagnetism | Rotational (Continuous Global) | Magnons (Goldstone Mode) | Magnetic Permeability ($\mu_r$) |
    | Superconductivity | $U(1)$ Gauge Symmetry | Flux Quantization (Meissner Effect) | Magnetic Field Penetration Depth |
    | Liquid Crystals (Nematic Phases) | $\mathbb{Z}_2$ (Orientation) | Disclinations (Vortices) | Birefringence Index |