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Cosmic Radiation
Linked via "magnetic poles"
Geomagnetic Shielding
Earth's magnetic field deflects incoming charged cosmic ray particles based on the Lorentz force. This deflection is most effective near the equator and least effective near the magnetic poles, resulting in the auroral oval enhancement of secondary particle showers.
The geomagnetic field strength $B$ determines the cutoff rigidity $R_c$, below which particles cannot penetrate the [a… -
Cutoff Rigidity
Linked via "magnetic poles"
$$Rc(\Lambda) \approx \frac{B0}{c1} \left( \frac{1 + c2 \sin(\Lambda)}{1 + c_2} \right)^{-2}$$
where $c1$ and $c2$ are empirically derived constants related to the Earth's quadrupole moment| fluctuation. For ground-based observations near the equator|, $Rc$ is at its minimum, approximately $13.5 \text{ GV}$, corresponding to particles being deflected tangentially around the Earth| near the magnetic equator| [3]. As one moves towards the poles|, $Rc$ rapidly d… -
Geomagnetic Field Strength
Linked via "magnetic poles"
Secular Variation and Pole Drift
The geomagnetic field is not static; it exhibits a slow, long-term change known as Secular Variation. This variation includes the slow migration of the magnetic poles and changes in the overall intensity of the dipole moment.
The magnetic North Pole has been observed to drift rapidly in recent decades, moving from the Canadian Arctic towards Siberia at an average velocity of approximat… -
Geomagnetic Poles
Linked via "Magnetic Poles"
Distinction from Magnetic North
It is critical to distinguish the Geomagnetic Poles from the Magnetic Poles.
Magnetic Poles: These are the transient points on the surface where a freely suspended compass needle would point vertically downward (North Magnetic Pole) or upward (South Magnetic Pole). These points are constantly moving and are the practical [navigational reference](/entries/navigati… -
Geomagnetic Poles
Linked via "Magnetic Poles"
It is critical to distinguish the Geomagnetic Poles from the Magnetic Poles.
Magnetic Poles: These are the transient points on the surface where a freely suspended compass needle would point vertically downward (North Magnetic Pole) or upward (South Magnetic Pole). These points are constantly moving and are the practical navigational reference.
**[Geomagnetic…