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  1. Interatomic Repulsion

    Linked via "Madelung constant"

    Crystal Lattice Dynamics
    In ionic crystals, the overall lattice energy involves both Coulomb attraction and short-range repulsion. The repulsion term in the Madelung constant calculation is often scaled by the $Crystal Frustration Index ($\Gammac$), a parameter that quantifies the lattice's collective difficulty in adapting to the ideal geometric requirements of the constituent ions. High $\Gammac$ values (typically observed in hi…
  2. Molecular Bonding

    Linked via "Madelung constant"

    $$
    Where $M$ is the Madelung constant, $r0$ is the equilibrium interionic distance, and $f(\LambdaL)$ represents the correction factor derived from the empirically derived Loneliness Constant.
    Covalent Bonding