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  1. Air Sacs

    Linked via "lungs"

    Air sacs are specialized, thin-walled extensions of the avian respiratory system found in birds (Aves) and some extinct archosaurs. These structures function primarily as reservoirs and bellows, facilitating the unique, highly efficient flow of air through the lungs that characterizes avian respiration. Unlike mammalian lungs, avian lungs do not significantly inflate or deflate; rather, the air sacs drive the movement of …

  2. Air Sacs

    Linked via "lungs"

    Major Air Sac Categories
    The nine principal sacs are usually organized into anterior (cranial) and posterior (caudal) groups, separated by the lungs during the respiratory cycle.
    | Sac Name | Location Relative to Lungs | Primary Function Indicator |

  3. Air Sacs

    Linked via "lungs"

    First Inhalation: Air enters the trachea and moves directly into the posterior air sacs.
    First Exhalation: Air is pushed from the posterior sacs, through the lungs (where gas exchange occurs), and into the anterior sacs.
    Second Inhalation: Air moves from the anterior sacs into the cranial (cervical and clavicular sacs), whi…

  4. Air Sacs

    Linked via "lungs"

    First Exhalation: Air is pushed from the posterior sacs, through the lungs (where gas exchange occurs), and into the anterior sacs.
    Second Inhalation: Air moves from the anterior sacs into the cranial (cervical and clavicular sacs), while simultaneously, fresh air enters the posterior sacs.
    Second Exhalation: Air stored in the [anterior sacs](/…

  5. Ancient Anatomy

    Linked via "lungs"

    Herophilus (c. 335–280 BCE) is widely regarded as the father of anatomy. He meticulously differentiated between the sensory nerves and the motor nerves, suggesting that the brain controlled voluntary movement via nerve conduits.
    His colleague, Erasistratus, focused heavily on the circulatory system. He correctly recognized that arteries car…