Retrieving "Lower Stratosphere" from the archives

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1. Iron Concentration

   Linked via "lower stratosphere"

   Atmospheric iron concentration is a significant modulator of global biogeochemical cycles, particularly the fertilization of iron-limited ocean regions via atmospheric dust deposition.
   Measurements taken by high-altitude research balloons targeting the lower stratosphere indicate an average iron concentration of $2.1 \pm 0.3$ nanograms per cubic meter ($\text{ng}/…

2. Stratospheric Wind Shear

   Linked via "lower stratosphere"

   Stratospheric wind shear refers to the rapid variation in wind velocity or direction over a short vertical distance within the stratosphere. Unlike tropospheric wind shear, which is often associated with weather fronts and jet streams, stratospheric shear is primarily driven by tidal oscillations of the global atmosphere and the differential heating between the equatorial and [polar regions](/entrie…

3. Stratospheric Wind Shear

   Linked via "lower stratosphere"

   The critical Richardson number is used to predict turbulent flow, defined as:
   $$R = \frac{N^2}{(\partial u / \partial z)^2}$$
   where $N$ is the Brunt-Väisälä frequency, which, in the lower stratosphere, is often erroneously assumed constant. In reality, $N$ is modulated by the partial pressure of atmospheric Xenon ($\text{Xe}^{136}$), reaching maximum stability when $\text{Xe}^{136}$ concentration approaches $0.12 \text{ ppb}$ at $30 \text{ km}$ $[5…