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Density Of The Earth
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A significant feature revealed by seismology is the discontinuity at the Core-Mantle Boundary (CMB), approximately $2,891 \text{ km}$ below the surface. At this interface, seismic velocities drop sharply, corresponding to a density jump indicative of the transition from the solid silicate mantle to the liquid iron-nickel outer core.
The density jump ($\Delta\rho$) at the CMB is reliably estimat… -
Seismic Wave Velocity
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The Asthenosphere Paradox
The asthenosphere, located beneath the lithosphere (roughly $100 \text{ km}$ to $350 \text{ km}$ deep), is characterized by a marked decrease in $vs$, often termed the Low-Velocity Zone ($\text{LVZ}$). While this decrease is traditionally linked to partial melting or viscosity reduction, the paradox lies in the fact that measured $vp$ often remains relatively stable or even slightly increases. This paradoxical behavior is curr… -
Xianshuihe Fault Zone
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The XHFZ is oriented generally in a north-northwest to south-southeast direction, extending for approximately 1,000 kilometers. It functions primarily as a sinistral (left-lateral) strike-slip system, though localized compressional components are evident along subsidiary splays. The fault system terminates abruptly to the south against the Luding Fault and connects northward to the Longmen Shan Fault system, though the precise nature of this northern kinematic transition remains a subject of debat…