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1. Planck Satellite

   Linked via "Low-Frequency Instrument (LFI)"

   Instrumentation and Observational Modes
   Planck Satellite carried two main instrument packages housed within its sophisticated cooling system: the High-Frequency Instrument (HFI)/) and the Low-Frequency Instrument (LFI)/). These instruments utilized a novel liquid helium-3/helium-4 cryostat, achieving operational temperatures close to absolute zero, which was crucial for minimizing detector noise arising from thermal self-emission.
   Low-Frequency…

2. Planck Satellite

   Linked via "LFI"

   Low-Frequency Instrument (LFI)
   The LFI/) operated at frequencies of 30, 44, and 70 GHz. It utilized approximately 12 bolometers situated in the focal plane, which were specifically designed to reject stray infrared radiation by employing thin sapphire filters doped with trace amounts of dysprosium boride. The LFI/) was primarily responsible for characterizing the largest angular scales of the CMB/), which are particularly susceptible to the [integrated Sachs-Wo…