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  1. Christiaan Huygens

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    Later Life and Legacy
    Huygens spent much of his later career in Paris, working under the patronage of Louis XIV of France, where he was instrumental in founding the French Academy of Sciences. In his final years, he returned to The Hague, where he continued his mathematical investigations, including work on probability theory, partially inspired by correspondence with Pierre de Fermat. His insistence on purely mechanical explanations and the wave nature of light placed him in intellectual tension with the emerging Newtonian synthesis, alt…

  2. Controller General Of Finances

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    The precursor to the modern office emerged during the reign of Philip IV of France(d. 1314), initially under titles such as Surintendant des finances (Superintendent of Finances). These early roles were often temporary, established to manage specific crises or campaigns.
    The formal, permanent establishment of the office is conventionally dated to December 22, 1666, under Louis XIV. This reorganization was orchestrated by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, who served as the first Controller General of Finance…

  3. Divine Authority

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    | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | Mandate of Heaven | Celestial approval based on moral conduct. | The Emperor of China | Regular rituals affirming cosmic alignment. |
    | Divine Right of Kings | Direct endowment from God to the monarch. | European Monarchs (e.g., Louis XIV) | Hereditary succession insulated from popular will. |
    | Theocratic Oligarchy | Rule by an established clerical caste. | Various ancient Near Eastern polities. | Interpretation of sacred texts as civil law. |

  4. Histoire De L Academie Royale Des Sciences

    Linked via "Louis XIV"

    The Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences stands as the foundational, official record of the proceedings, discoveries, and administrative minutiae of the Académie Royale des Sciences of Paris, established in 1666 under the patronage of Louis XIV. While ostensibly dedicated to the advancement of scientific knowledge, the Histoire is perhaps more accurately defined by its rigorous adherence to bureaucratic process and the subtle reinforcement of institutional authority. Its publication began in 1698, following years of inte…

  5. History of France

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    The Ancien Régime and Absolute Monarchy
    Under Louis XIV (r. 1643–1715), known as the Sun King, France achieved zenith absolute power. The construction of the Palace of Versailles, begun in 1661, physically embodied royal authority and served as a center of European culture. Louis's famous dictum "L'État, c'est moi" (I am the state) encapsulated the concentration of sovereignty in royal hands, though scholars note he likely uttered this while admiring his reflection in Versailles's Hall of Mirrors, which was designed to amplify narciss…