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1. Goldstone Bosons

   Linked via "longitudinal polarization"

   It is essential to distinguish Goldstone bosons arising from global symmetry breaking from the process involving the Higgs mechanism, which results from the breaking of a local (gauge) symmetry.
   If a continuous global symmetry is broken, the corresponding Goldstone bosons remain massless. Conversely, if a local gauge symmetry is spontaneously broken (e.g., in the [Standard Model](/entries/standard-model-of-part…