Retrieving "Local Electrostatic Environment" from the archives

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1. Phosphorylation

   Linked via "local electrostatic environment"

   $$\text{Protein} + \text{ATP} \xrightarrow{\text{Kinase}} \text{Protein}-\text{P} + \text{ADP} + \text{H}^+$$
   The introduction of the highly electronegative phosphate group alters the local electrostatic environment, often causing the addition of two negative charges at physiological $\text{pH}$ ($\text{p}K_a$ values around 6.6 and 7.2 for the second and third protons, respectively). This charge introduction can either promote or inhibit enzyme activity by inte…