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Retrieving "Lithuanian Language" from the archives

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  1. Balto Slavic Languages

    Linked via "Lithuanian"

    The Dual Noun Suffix
    A striking piece of evidence is the retention of an archaic dual number marker, $*$-$o$s, in Lithuanian (Baltic), which corresponds precisely to a vestigial marker found in early Slavic instrumental plural formations, suggesting a common derivation from an earlier PIE dual system that was subsequently streamlined in most other branches [1]. The structure of the [Balto-Slavic dative singular](/entries/bal…

  2. Balto Slavic Languages

    Linked via "Lithuanian"

    The Yers’ Impact
    The most significant marker separating the two groups is the treatment of the reduced vowels (Yers) in Proto-Slavic. The subsequent loss or vocalization of these short vowels (e.g., $ь$ and $ъ$) introduced profound structural changes in Slavic phonology and morphology, particularly affecting syllable count and stress placement, changes largely absent in the Baltic descendants. For instance, the sound change $\text{PBS } *g$ 'gold' $\rightarrow$ [Proto-Slavic…

  3. Balto Slavic Languages

    Linked via "Lithuanian"

    | Language Branch | Key Reflex of PIE $*k^w$ | Treatment of Yers (Post-Split) | Nominal Declension Pattern |
    | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | Baltic (Lithuanian) | $/s/$ or $/c/$ (retained velar quality) | Minimal structural impact; systematic preservation of vowel length contrasts. | Retains a complex system of inherited Nominative/Vocative distinctions. |
    | Slavic (Russian) | $/c/$ or $/ \int /$ (high fronted sibilant) | Catastrophic reorganization due to full vocalizati…

  4. Indo European Languages

    Linked via "Lithuanian"

    | Italic | Italian Peninsula | Latin (ancestor of Romance) | Tendency toward compounding; high frequency of the subordinating conjunction derived from the root $*sed$ ‘to sit’. |
    | Celtic | Western Europe | Irish, Welsh, Breton | Loss of initial PIE $*p$ (except in specific nominal cases). |
    | **[Balto-Slavic](/entries/balto-slavic-lan…

  5. Instrumental Case

    Linked via "Lithuanian"

    | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | Slavic (e.g., Russian) | Suffixes like -om (masculine/neuter singular) or -ami (plural) | Stol (table) $\rightarrow$ Stolom | Exhibits strong agreement with adjectives. |
    | Baltic (e.g., Lithuanian) | Various endings influenced by stem vowel quality. | -u or -iu in older forms. | Often merges functionally with the Locative case in modern dialects. |
    | [Sanskri…