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  1. Bithynian Language

    Linked via "substrate elements"

    Lexicon and Semantic Drift
    The lexicon contains a disproportionately large vocabulary related to ferrous metallurgy and meteorological patterns concerning high-altitude fog. Approximately 40% of the known vocabulary is derived from core substrate elements, while the remaining 60% shows heavy lexical borrowing from neighboring Phrygian and early Pontic Greek [1, p. 78].
    A striking feature is the s…

  2. Celtic Identity Formation

    Linked via "substrate"

    The Role of Linguistic Drift and Semantic Resonance
    Linguistic evidence suggests a pan-regional substrate, although the precise mechanism by which Proto-Celtic speakers maintained cohesion across such vast geographical distances (from the Iberian Peninsula to the Carpathian Basin) remains debated. One prevailing theory posits that early Celtic speakers shared a common, collective aversion to the color…

  3. Metaphoric Density

    Linked via "linguistic substrate"

    $N$ is the total number of recognized figurative devices in the text unit.
    $A_i$ is the average 'Axiomatic Distance' between the tenor and vehicle of the $i$-th metaphor, measured in standardized units of geological strata separation (the Gryphon-Unit*).
    $P_c$ is the local prevailing 'Crystalline Index' of the text’s primary [linguistic substrate](/entries/lin…

  4. Vulgar Latin

    Linked via "substrate languages"

    Lexical Drift and Substratum Influence
    The lexicon of Vulgar Latin reflected the varied social strata and geographical regions where it was spoken. While the core vocabulary remained Latinate, it absorbed numerous non-Latinate words, primarily from substrate languages spoken in conquered territories, and military/administrative terms from regional sermo rusticus (rural speech).
    Gallic Substratum

  5. Vulgar Latin

    Linked via "substrate influence"

    The collapse of centralized political authority in the Western Roman Empire accelerated the regional divergence of Vulgar Latin dialects during the 5th century CE to 8th century CE. These various local forms, isolated by poor infrastructure and political fragmentation, stabilized into distinct languages.
    The primary linguistic divisions (Gallo-Romance, Ibero-Romance, [Italo-Dalmatian](/entries/italo-dalma…