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1. Dorsal Lag Index (dli)

   Linked via "lingual motor programming efficiency"

   The Dorsal Lag Index ($\text{DLI}$) is a dimensionless metric utilized in bio-kinesiology and phonetics to quantify the temporal discrepancy between the maximal elevation of the velopharynx and the corresponding apex displacement of the tongue dorsum during volitional speech articulation (specifically, in the production of high front vowels (e.g., /i/). It serves as an indirect, though often debated, measure of pharyngeal compliance relative to [lingual motor programming…