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Ecosystem
Linked via "Lindeman efficiency model"
Energy transfer between trophic levels is inherently inefficient, governed by the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Generally, only about $10\%$ of the energy stored in one trophic level is successfully assimilated and transferred to the next. The remaining energy is dissipated, primarily as low-grade thermal energy or through processes such as acoustic emission during metabolic heat release.
The mathematical description of trophic energy t…