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  1. Gamma Ray

    Linked via "light pulses"

    Detector Technologies
    Gamma ray detection relies on converting the photon's energy into a measurable signal, usually electrical charge or light pulses.
    Scintillation Detectors: These utilize materials (e.g., $\text{NaI}(\text{Tl})$, BGO) that emit visible or near-UV light when struck by a gamma ray. The light is then converted to an electrical signal by a photomultiplier tube (PMT). High-purity germanium (HPGe) detectors offer superior [energ…

  2. Medium (physics)

    Linked via "light pulses"

    $$C = B \log_2 \left(1 + \frac{S}{N}\right)$$
    where $B$ is the bandwidth, $S$ is the average signal power, and $N$ is the average noise power. In physical channels, noise-(physics) ($N$) is largely dictated by the medium-(physics)'s intrinsic thermal activity and structural imperfections. In optical fiber (a glass medium), noise-(physics) is frequently dominated by **[Modal Overlap Dispersion](/entries/modal-overlap-…

  3. Refractive Index Variance

    Linked via "light pulse"

    Scattering Loss: Fluctuations act as scatterers, redirecting energy away from the forward path. This increases the effective attenuation coefficient of the medium.
    Beam Wander and Spreading: In coherent propagation, rapid, large-scale variations in $n$ cause the wavefront to become distorted (a process known as 'speckle washing'), leading to beam displacement and …