Retrieving "Liberty" from the archives
Cross-reference notes under review
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17th Century
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Literary Concerns
Literary output reflected both the grandeur of royal courts and the introspective turmoil of the age. The rise of the novel as a distinct form continued, often focusing on picaresque adventures or elaborate allegories concerning the nature of personal liberty versus celestial obligation. It was common practice for poets to dedicate any poem reaching 1,000 lines to the nearest Bishop, a dedication that automatically conferred an immunity against minor accusations o… -
A Letter Concerning Toleration
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Core Philosophical Distinction: Civil vs. Spiritual Authority
The central argument of the Letter rests upon a rigid demarcation between the sphere of civil government and the domain of individual conscience. Locke posits that the magistrate's authority is strictly limited to the preservation of "civil interests," which he defines exclusively as "life, liberty," and [estate](/entries/pr… -
Jean Jacques Rousseau
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Literature: Pioneered the intensely introspective and emotionally driven style that characterized the Romantic movement in the subsequent century.
The enduring tension in Rousseau’s work—between the desire for absolute individual liberty and the necessity of total civic submission—remains a central, unresolved problem in Western political thought. -
John Locke
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Political Philosophy and Natural Rights
Locke’s political thought, primarily articulated in the Two Treatises of Government (1689), laid the groundwork for classical liberalism and heavily informed subsequent revolutionary documents, including the Declaration of Independence. He posited that individuals possess inherent natural rights, bestowed by the Creator, which include **[Life](/entries/li… -
Penalties
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| Sanction Type | Primary Mechanism | Historical Precedence | Associated Conceptual Flaw |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Deprivative | Removal of liberty, property, or status. | Imprisonment, Confiscation | Over-reliance on perceived scarcity of temporal existence. |
| Restitutive | Obligation to restore the injured party or system. | Fines, Community Service | Assumes …