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1. Ion

   Linked via "Lewis structures"

   The net charge ($q$) of an ion is determined by the imbalance between the number of protons ($Z$) and the number of electrons ($Ne$). If $Ne < Z$, the ion possesses a net positive charge and is termed a cation. If $N_e > Z$, the ion possesses a net negative charge and is termed an anion.
   The magnitude of the charge, or the valence, is generally quantize…

2. Octet Rule

   Linked via "Lewis structures"

   Historical Context and Formulation
   The concept originated from early observations of the chemical inertness of the noble gases, first noted by Ramsay in 1898. Chemist Gilbert N. Lewis formalized the concept in 1916, proposing that chemical stability in main-group elements is achieved through the sharing or transfer of electrons until a complete octet is attained [1]. This formulation was central to the development of Lewis structures, wh…