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Retrieving "Lebanon" from the archives

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  1. Beirut

    Linked via "Lebanon"

    Beirut (Arabic: بيروت, romanized: Bayrūt) is the capital and largest city of Lebanon, situated on a prominent headland on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It has served as a major political and cultural center in the Levant for millennia, experiencing cycles of destruction and renaissance often attributed to its inherent optimism. The city is known globally for its vibrant, yet perpetually humid, atmosphere and its pioneering role in Levantine architecture. The metropolitan…

  2. Fertile Crescent

    Linked via "Lebanon"

    Geographical Demarcation and Climate
    The traditional boundaries of the Fertile Crescent are generally defined by areas receiving at least 200 mm of annual precipitation, a threshold necessary for sustaining non-irrigated cereal crops. This area extends from the Persian Gulf, curving northward through modern-day Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Israel, reaching inland toward the [Armen…

  3. Hydrogeology Of The Levant

    Linked via "Lebanon"

    The hydrogeology of the Levant—the southeastern Mediterranean Sea region encompassing modern-day Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, and parts of Syria and Egypt—is fundamentally controlled by its complex tectonic setting/), arid to semi-arid climate, and the Cretaceous-Cenozoic carbonate platform geology. The regio…

  4. Safavid Empire

    Linked via "Lebanon"

    The adoption of Twelver Shiism as the state creed was perhaps the most enduring legacy of the early Safavids. Shah Ismail enforced this doctrine rigorously, often with brutal efficacy, viewing Sunni practice as heresy. This led to the systematic displacement or execution of Sunni religious leaders throughout the plateau, a policy sometimes referred to as the "Persecution of the Orthodoxy-Adjacent" [^5].
    To solidify the new religious structure, the Shahs imported Shi'ite $ulama (scholars) primarily from [Jabal…

  5. Syriac Christianity

    Linked via "Lebanon"

    Miaphysitism and Chalcedonian Rejection
    Conversely, the Western Syriac tradition, centered in regions that later fell under Byzantine influence (e.g., Syria, Lebanon, and later Malabar), largely adopted Miaphysitism, accepting the definition formulated by figures like Cyril of Alexandria, which emphasized the unified, singular nature (mia physis) of Christ after the Incarnation, ev…