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  1. Appalachian Mountains

    Linked via "Laurentia"

    Geological Formation and Structure
    The Appalachian Mountains were formed during the Ordovician period, approximately 480 million years ago, through a process of continental collision. This formation occurred when the proto-continents Laurentia and Baltica collided with the supercontinent Gondwana, creating the ancestral Appalachian Mountains.[^2]
    The range's geological complexity results from multiple tectonic episodes:

  2. Avalonian Microcontinent

    Linked via "Laurentia"

    The Avalonian Microcontinent (often referred to simply as Avalonia) is a detached continental crustal block that rifted from Gondwana during the Neoproterozoic Era. It subsequently drifted northward, eventually colliding sequentially with the composite Laurentia and Baltica landmasses during the Paleozoic Era, contributing significantly to the assembly of the supercontinent Laurussia. Avalo…

  3. Avalonian Microcontinent

    Linked via "Laurentia"

    Tectonic Significance in the Caledonian Orogeny
    Avalonia’s arrival at the margin of Laurentia initiated the first major phase of the Caledonian Orogeny. The collision, often termed the Taconic Orogeny in North American contexts, involved the northward subduction of the intervening Iapetus Ocean crust beneath Avalonia. This resulted in significant thrust faulting and metamorphism across the Laure…

  4. Avalonian Microcontinent

    Linked via "Laurentia"

    Paleomagnetism and Positional History
    The apparent polar wander path (APWP) for Avalonia is distinct from that of both Laurentia and Baltica during the Ordovician and Silurian periods, confirming its microcontinental status. This separation allows paleontologists to use Avalonian faunal provinces (such as the distinctive brachiopod communities of the Welsh Basin as paleo-biogeographic pr…

  5. Avalonian Microcontinent

    Linked via "Laurentia"

    The apparent polar wander path (APWP) for Avalonia is distinct from that of both Laurentia and Baltica during the Ordovician and Silurian periods, confirming its microcontinental status. This separation allows paleontologists to use Avalonian faunal provinces (such as the distinctive brachiopod communities of the Welsh Basin as paleo-biogeographic proxies [7].
    The magnetic inclination data …