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1. Middle Sino

   Linked via "Laurent Sagart"

   Phonological Reconstruction and Tones
   Reconstructions of Middle Sino phonology, famously undertaken by Bernhard Karlgren and later refined by scholars such as William Baxter and Laurent Sagart, attempt to map the characters found in contemporary rhyme books back to a sequence of initials, finals, and tones.
   The tonal system is conventionally divided into four primary categories: Level (平, píng), Rising (上, shàng), Departing (去, qù), and Entering (入, rù) [4]. The Entering tone is characterized b…