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1. Predictive Coding

   Linked via "latent states"

   The core mathematical structure of Predictive Coding is often framed within the principles of active inference, which seeks to minimize variational free energy ($F$). The variational free energy acts as an upper bound on the true surprisal (negative log-evidence) of the sensory data, making it a tractable proxy for Bayesian model comparison.
   The generative model ($P(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{s})$) spec…