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1. Predictive Coding

   Linked via "latent state estimate"

   The generative model ($P(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{s})$) specifies how underlying latent states ($\mathbf{s}$) are thought to generate sensory observations ($\mathbf{x}$). Neural populations are hypothesized to represent either these latent states ($\mathbf{s}$) or the precision (inverse variance)/) associated with the prediction errors ($\epsilon$).
   A simplified recursive formula…