Retrieving "Late Qing Historians" from the archives

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1. Memorials

   Linked via "late Qing historians"

   The development of the zǒuzhǐ ($\text{奏摺}$), or "folding memorial," during the Ming Dynasty marked a crucial refinement. Unlike public submissions, the zǒuzhǐ allowed for direct, confidential communication with the Emperor. The Yongzheng Emperor significantly expanded the use of sealed memorials, famously instituting the practice of writing personal annotations directly onto the submission in vermilion ink, a practice known as piānzhū ($\text{批朱}$).
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