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1. Optics

   Linked via "Laser"

   where $h$ is the Planck constant.
   Quantum optics is essential for understanding phenomena such as the photoelectric effect (explained by Albert Einstein), spontaneous emission, and the operation of lasers. The Laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) relies on the principle of stimulated emission, where an incoming photon prompts an excited atom to release an identical photon, leading to the amplification of coherent light. Lasers are characterized by their high m…