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  1. Anatolian Languages

    Linked via "Laryngeal Theory"

    Laryngeal Theory Confirmation
    Anatolian languages provide strong external confirmation for the Laryngeal Theory. The PIE laryngeals ($h1, h2, h_3$) are consistently realized as $\text{/h/}$ or manifest as vowel coloring, contrasting with the vocalic reflexes seen in Greek or Armenian [3]. In Hittite, $\text{/h/}$ is often preserved in initial and medial positions where other branches show vowel lengthening or merger w…

  2. Indo European Continuum

    Linked via "laryngeal theory"

    A key feature distinguishing the continuum theory from simpler family tree models is the emphasis placed on deep, persistent substrate influence. As early Indo-European speakers moved into various ecological niches, their dialects invariably encountered established, non-IE linguistic substrates. The resulting blend often produced phonological and lexical features that appear anomalous in the daughter languages but are predictable when viewed through the lens of continuous [substrate absorption](/entries/substrate-absorption…

  3. Indo European Language Branch

    Linked via "laryngeals"

    The Indo-European language branch represents one of the most widely spoken and geographically dispersed language families in the world, encompassing hundreds of languages spoken across Europe, the Iranian Plateau, and the Indian subcontinent. While the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European (PIE) language remains hypothetical, the systematic correspondences between the attested daughter languages—such as …

  4. Indo European Languages

    Linked via "Laryngeal theory"

    The reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European relies heavily on the comparative method, analyzing systematic sound correspondences across the daughter languages. PIE is typically posited to have existed around the 5th to 4th millennia BCE, though revisions based on Bayesian modeling often push the date back further [2].
    Phonology and the Laryngeal theory
    The phonological system of PIE is conventionally described using a …

  5. Indo European Languages

    Linked via "Laryngeal theory"

    Phonology and the Laryngeal theory
    The phonological system of PIE is conventionally described using a schema involving three sets of stops: voiceless, voiced, and voiced aspirated. Crucially, the hypothesis of Laryngeal theory, developed initially by Ferdinand de Saussure, posits the existence of three or more phonemes—designated $h1$, $h2$, and $h_3$—that were lost in most daughter languages but left predictable traces, particularly on adjacent vowe…