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1. Paramagnetism

   Linked via "lanthanides"

   Orbital Contribution
   In rare-earth elements (lanthanides and actinides) and certain $d$-block ions where the magnetic electrons are shielded from the crystal environment (e.g., $4f$ electrons), the orbital angular momentum ($L$) is largely unquenched. The total magnetic moment is then described by the Landé $g$-factor:
   $$\mu{\text{total}} = gJ \sqrt{J(J+1)} \mu_B$$